Eccrine sweat can serve as a source of biomarkers for assessing physiological health and nutritional balance, for tracking loss of essential species from the body and for evaluating exposure to hazardous substances.

A skin-interfaced, miniaturized platform for triggered induction, capture and colorimetric multicomponent analysis of microliter volumes of sweat

Wearable sweat sensors could be used to monitor patients with heart failure, providing a route to personalized and automated patient management in hospitals and at home.

The potential of wearable sweat sensors in heart failure management

Exposure to extreme heat during physical exertion may impair cognitive and physical abilities commonly known as heat stress. Industrial workers are vulnerable to the effects of extreme heat due to increasing ambient temperatures, tasks with radiant heat exposures,

Continuous personal monitoring and personalized hydration recommendations with wearable sweat sensors to prevent occupational heat stress

Wearable technology is revolutionizing workplace safety with real-time, personalized insights mitigating the increasing risks of heat stress.

How Industrial Workers Can Drill Down on Safety This Summer with Wearables

Systems for capture, storage and analysis of eccrine sweat can provide insights into physiological health status, quantify losses of water, electrolytes, amino acids and/or other essential species, and identify exposures to adverse environmental species or illicit drugs.

3D-printed epidermal sweat microfluidic systems with integrated microcuvettes for precise spectroscopic and fluorometric biochemical assays

Protecting the workforce is imperative to improving the overall effectiveness and productivity of offshore operations. Minimizing workplace injury is an important aspect of wearable technology, and this kind of personal protective equipment (PPE) continues to advance and evolve as new challenges arise.

Wearable technologies helping to protect offshore personnel

Wireless, skin-interfaced electronic and microfluidic devices have the potential to replace wired, bulky, and cumbersome technologies for personal and clinical health monitoring, allowing care to extend from hospital settings to the home.

Thermoplastic Elastomers for Wireless, Skin-Interfaced Electronic, and Microfluidic Devices

Increasing industry awareness of heat safety, advocating for regulatory improvements, and implementing next-generation wearable devices, researchers, clinicians, and industry leaders can develop advanced heat safety strategies.

Connected Wearable Solutions for Construction Workers Amid Elevated Global Temperatures

Skin-interfaced microfluidic systems help assess health status and chemical exposure. Eccrine sweat glands in the skin are key components of an ingenious system for evaporative cooling. Their action is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system in an adaptive, closed-loop manner to help maintain thermal homeostasis during physical or mental exertion or exposure to high temperatures.

Sweat as a diagnostic biofluid

The Gx Sweat Patch is a wearable microfluidic sweat sensor that can be worn by athletes to monitor their sweating rate and sweat chloride concentration. Here, we highlight the commercialization of the Gx Sweat Patch, from developing and optimizing prototypes of a wearable sweat-sensing platform, to validation in competitive individual and team-sport athletes, and the challenges of commercial launch.

The Gx Sweat Patch for personalized hydration management

A confluence of advances in biosensor technologies, enhancements in health care delivery mechanisms, and improvements in machine learning, together with an increased awareness of remote patient monitoring, has accelerated the impact of digital health across nearly every medical discipline.

Translational gaps and opportunities for medical wearables in digital health

Advanced capabilities in noninvasive, in situ monitoring of parameters related to sweat serve as the basis for obtaining real-time insights into human physiological state, health, and performance. Although recently reported classes of soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems support powerful functions in this context, most are designed as single-use disposables.

Soft, environmentally degradable microfluidic devices for measurement of sweat rate and total sweat loss and for colorimetric analysis of sweat biomarkers

Dehydration has many deleterious effects on cognitive and physical performance as well as physiological function, in the context of sports, industrial work, clinical rehabilitation, and military applications.

Skin-Interfaced Microfluidic System with Machine Learning-Enabled Image Processing of Sweat Biomarkers in Remote Settings

Nutrients play critical roles in maintaining core physiological functions and in preventing diseases. Technologies for delivering these nutrients and for monitoring their concentrations can help to ensure proper nutritional balance.

A Skin-Interfaced, Miniaturized Microfluidic Analysis and Delivery System for Colorimetric Measurements of Nutrients in Sweat and Supply of Vitamins Through the Skin

Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis.

State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics

Cystic fibrosis is diagnosed in infants by use of sweat testing as elevated chloride concentrations in sweat are indicative of cystic fibrosis. The current approach can have poor sensitivity and require repeated testing.

Soft, skin-interfaced sweat stickers for cystic fibrosis diagnosis and management

Advanced capabilities in noninvasive, in situ monitoring of sweating rate and sweat electrolyte losses could enable real-time personalized fluid-electrolyte intake recommendations.

Skin-interfaced microfluidic system with personalized sweating rate and sweat chloride analytics for sports science applications

Skin-interfaced, wireless devices for clinical-grade monitoring of physiological parameters are of growing interest for uses that range from healthcare to sports performance. This paper introduces a multifunctional skin-mounted microfluidic platform for capture and biomarker analysis of microliter volumes of sweat, a biofluid that can be collected noninvasively, with potential relevance in biophysical sensing.

Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated immunoassays, fluorometric sensors, and impedance measurement capabilities

mHealth technology could be utilized to predict exacerbations in COVID-19 patients experiencing mild symptoms and prioritize diagnostic testing in subjects who might have been exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Can mHealth Technology Help Mitigate the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Recent advances in materials, mechanics and design have led to the development of ultrathin, lightweight electronic devices that can conformally interface with human skin. With few exceptions, these devices rely on electrical power to support sensing, wireless communication and signal conditioning.

Sweat-activated biocompatible batteries for epidermal electronic and microfluidic systems

Biomarkers in sweat provide insight about underlying physiological and metabolic processes and exhibit changes related to performance, wellness, and health

Rapid Capture and Extraction of Sweat for Regional Rate and Cytokine Composition Analysis Using a Wearable Soft Microfluidic System

A nervous sweat may seem like an inconvenience, but your body could be releasing important signals. Herein, Gao and colleagues develop a wearable sensor with integrated microfluidics, immunoassays, and electronics for tracking cortisol in sweat—as a biomarker of stress.

Don’t Sweat It: The Quest for Wearable Stress Sensors

The characterization of limb biomechanics has broad implications for analyzing and managing motion in aging, sports, and disease.

Human motion component and envelope characterization via wireless wearable sensors

A wearable patch may soon be able to assess inflammatory biomarkers found in the sweat and interstitial fluid in individuals with atopic dermatitis to ultimately provide real-time information about their skin health.

Can sweat shed a light on disease severity in atopic dermatitis?

Conventional diet assessment approaches such as the 24-hour self-reported recall are burdensome, suffer from recall bias, and are inaccurate in estimating energy intake.

Counting Bites With Bits: Expert Workshop Addressing Calorie and Macronutrient Intake Monitoring

Eccrine sweat is a rich and largely unexplored biofluid that contains a range of important biomarkers, from electrolytes, metabolites, micronutrients and hormones to exogenous agents, each of which can change in concentration with diet, stress level, hydration status and physiologic or metabolic state.

Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated enzymatic assays for measuring the concentration of ammonia and ethanol in sweat

Gait and balance impairments are linked with reduced mobility and increased risk of falling. Wearable sensing technologies, such as inertial measurement units (IMUs), may augment clinical assessments by providing continuous, high-resolution data.

Augmenting Clinical Outcome Measures of Gait and Balance with a Single Inertial Sensor in Age-Ranged Healthy Adults

Comprehensive analysis of sweat chemistry provides noninvasive health monitoring capabilities that complement established biophysical measurements such as heart rate, blood oxygenation, and body temperature.

Soft, Skin-Interfaced Microfluidic Systems with Passive Galvanic Stopwatches for Precise Chronometric Sampling of Sweat

The rich range of biomarkers in sweat and the ability to collect sweat in a non-invasive manner create interest in the use of this biofluid for assessments of health and physiological status, with potential applications that range from sports and fitness to clinical medicine.

Passive sweat collection and colorimetric analysis of biomarkers relevant to kidney disorders using a soft microfluidic system

Connected wearable biosensors are a critical part of athletic performance analysis, injury and recovery time assessment, and hydration analytics, enabling elite athletes, trainers, and coaches to characterize the daily demands of sports.

Soft, skin-interfaced wearable systems for sports science and analytics

Sweat is a largely unexplored biofluid that contains many important biomarkers ranging from electrolytes and metabolites to proteins, cytokines, antigens, and exogenous drugs.

Wearable Sensors for Biochemical Sweat Analysis

Bio-integrated wearable systems can measure a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and environmental signals to provide critical insights into overall health status and to quantify human performance.

Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Noninvasive, in situ biochemical monitoring of physiological status, via the use of sweat, could enable new forms of health care diagnostics and personalized hydration strategies.

Waterproof, electronics-enabled, epidermal microfluidic devices for sweat collection, biomarker analysis, and thermography in aquatic settings

Continuous, cuffless, and noninvasive blood pressure monitoring by measuring the pulse wave velocity is generally considered to be a promising technique for noninvasive measurements.

Relation between blood pressure and pulse wave velocity for human arteries

Sweat excretion is a dynamic physiological process that varies with body position, activity level, environmental factors, and health status. Conventional means for measuring the properties of sweat yield accurate results but their requirements for sampling and analytics do not allow for use in the field.

Soft, Skin-Interfaced Microfluidic Systems with Wireless, Battery-Free Electronics for Digital, Real-Time Tracking of Sweat Loss and Electrolyte Composition

The rich composition of solutes and metabolites in sweat and its relative ease of collection upon excretion from skin pores make this class of biofluid an attractive candidate for point of care analysis.

A fluorometric skin-interfaced microfluidic device and smartphone imaging module for in situ quantitative analysis of sweat chemistry

Recent interdisciplinary advances in materials, mechanics, and microsystem designs for biocompatible electronics, soft microfluidics, and electrochemical biosensors establish the foundations for emerging classes of thin, skin-interfaced platforms capable of capturing, storing, and performing quantitative, spatiotemporal measurements of sweat chemistry, instantaneous local sweat rate, and total sweat loss.

Skin-interfaced systems for sweat collection and analytics

This paper introduces super absorbent polymer valves and colorimetric sensing reagents as enabling components of soft, skin-mounted microfluidic devices designed to capture, store, and chemically analyze sweat released from eccrine glands.

Super-Absorbent Polymer Valves and Colorimetric Chemistries for Time-Sequenced Discrete Sampling and Chloride Analysis of Sweat via Skin-Mounted Soft Microfluidics

During periods of activity, sweat glands produce pressures associated with osmotic effects to drive liquid to the surface of the skin. The magnitudes of these pressures may provide insights into physiological health, the intensity of physical exertion, psychological stress factors and/other information of interest, yet they are currently unknown due to absence of means for non-invasive measurement.

Soft, skin-mounted microfluidic systems for measuring secretory fluidic pressures generated at the surface of the skin by eccrine sweat glands

Wearable technology is a popular way many people monitor their general health and fitness, tracking heart rate, calories, and steps. Koh et al. now take wearable technology one step further.

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A skin-interfaced, miniaturized platform for triggered induction, capture and colorimetric multicomponent analysis of microliter volumes of sweat

The potential of wearable sweat sensors in heart failure management

Continuous personal monitoring and personalized hydration recommendations with wearable sweat sensors to prevent occupational heat stress

How Industrial Workers Can Drill Down on Safety This Summer with Wearables

3D-printed epidermal sweat microfluidic systems with integrated microcuvettes for precise spectroscopic and fluorometric biochemical assays

Wearable technologies helping to protect offshore personnel

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